NLCD Land Cover, New York, 2006

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey

Publication_Date: 20141010

Title: NLCD Land Cover, New York, 2006

Edition: 2011 Edition, amended 2014

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data

Series_Information:

Publication_Information:

Other_Citation_Details: References: (1) Homer, C., Huang, C., Yang, L., Wylie, B., & Coan M., (2004). Development of a 2001 National Land Cover Database for the United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 70, 829 - 840. (2) Nowak, D. J., & Greenfield, E. J., (2010). Evaluating the National Land Cover Database tree canopy and impervious cover estimates across the conterminous United States: A comparison with photo-interpreted estimates. Environmental Management, 46, 378 - 390. (3) Wickham, J. D., Stehman S. V., Fry, J. A., Smith, J. H., & Homer, C. G., (2010). Thematic accuracy of the NLCD 2001 land cover for the conterminous United States. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114, 1286 - 1296. (4) Xian, G., Homer, C., and Fry, J., (2009). Updating the 2001 National Land Cover Database land cover classification to 2006 by using Landsat imagery change detection methods. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113, 1133-1147. (5) Xian, G., and Homer C., (2010). Updating the 2001 National Land Cover Database impervious surface products to 2006 using Landsat imagery change detection methods. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114, 1676-1686. (6) Fry, J., Xian, G., Jin, S., Dewitz, J., Homer, C., Yang, L., Barnes, C., Herold, N., and Wickham, J., 2011. Completion of the 2006 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States, PE&RS, Vol. 77(9):858-864. (7) Xian, G., Homer, C., Dewitz, J., Fry, J., Hossain, N., and Wickham, J., 2011. The change of impervious surface area between 2001 and 2006 in the conterminous United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 77(8): 758-762. (8) Wickham, J.D., Stehman, S.V., Gass, L., Dewitz, J., Fry, J.A., and Wade, T.G. 2013. Accuracy assessment of NLCD 2006 land cover and impervious surface, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 130, pp. 294-304. The USGS acknowledges the support of USGS and contractor NLCD 2006 Land Cover Mapping Teams in development of data for this map.

Online_Linkage: https://cugir.library.cornell.edu/catalog/cugir-009008

Online_Linkage: http://www.mrlc.gov

Single_Date/Time:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.035689

East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.516534

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.847801

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.086438

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Theme_Keyword: land cover

Theme_Keyword: land use

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Category

Theme_Keyword: ImageryBaseMapeEarthCover

Theme_Keyword: environment

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CUGIR Category

Theme_Keyword: landcover

Theme_Keyword: environment

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Place_Keyword: New York

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative

Contact_Address:

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)

Contact_Instructions: The USGS point of contact is for questions relating to the data display and download from this web site. For questions regarding data content and quality, refer to: http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k.asp or email: mrlc@usgs.gov

Attribute_Accuracy_Value: Unknown

Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation: This document and the described landcover map are considered "provisional" until a formal accuracy assessment is completed. The U.S. Geological Survey can make no guarantee as to the accuracy or completeness of this information, and it is provided with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be correct or complete. Conclusions drawn from this information are the responsibility of the user.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: N/A

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: N/A

Process_Description: Original NLCD 2006 processing is described in this process step. Changes made to NLCD 2006 products to maintain compatibility and alignment with NLCD 2001 (2011 Edition) and NLCD 2011 (2011 Edition) are described in the second process step. Original NLCD 2006 Processing - Landsat image selection and preprocessing. For the change analysis, a two-date pair of Landsat scenes was selected for each path/row restricting temporal range to reduce the impact of seasonal and phenological variation. A pre-processing step was performed to convert the digital number to top of atmosphere reflectance using procedures similar to those established for the NLCD 2001 mapping effort (Homer et al., 2004). Reflectance derivatives, including a tasseled-cap transformation and a 3-ratio index, were generated for each scene to use in the modeling process as independent variables. Where present, clouds and cloud shadows were digitized for masking. NLCD 2006 Percent Developed Imperviousness (Final Product) and Percent Developed Imperviousness Change Analysis. Because the four NLCD developed classes are derived from a percent imperviousness mapping product, an overview of steps required to update the NLCD 2001 imperviousness to reflect urban growth captured in 2006 era Landsat imagery is provided here (Xian et al., 2010). First, 2001 nighttime lights imagery from the NOAA Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) was imposed on the NLCD 2001 impervious surface product to exclude low density imperviousness outside urban and suburban centers so that only imperviousness in urban core areas would be used in the training dataset. Two training datasets, one having a relatively larger urban extent and one having a smaller extent, were produced through imposing two different thresholds on city light imagery. Second, each of the two training datasets combined with 2001 Landsat imagery was separately applied using a regression tree (RT) algorithm to build up RT models. Two sets of RT models were then used to estimate percent imperviousness and to produce two 2001 synthetic impervious surfaces. Similarly, the same two training datasets were used with 2006 Landsat imagery to create two sets of RT models that produce two 2006 synthetic impervious surfaces. Third, the 2001 and 2006 synthetic impervious surface pairs were compared using both 2001 impervious surface products to retain 2001 impervious surface area (ISA) in the unchanged areas. The 2006 DMSP nighttime lights imagery was then employed to ensure that non-imperviousness areas were not included and that new impervious surfaces emerged in the city light extent. After this step, two 2006 intermediate impervious surfaces were produced. Finally, the two intermediate products and 2001 imperviousness were compared to remove false estimates in non-urban areas and generate a 2006 impervious surface estimate. Imperviousness threshold values used to derive the NLCD developed classes are: (1) developed open space (imperviousness < 20%), (2) low-intensity developed (imperviousness from 20 - 49%), (3) medium intensity developed (imperviousness from 50 -79%), and (4) high-intensity developed (imperviousness > 79%). During this process, inconsistencies in the NLCD 2001 Percent Developed Imperviousness product were corrected with the new product, NLCD 2001 Percent Developed Imperviousness Version 2.0, included as part of the NLCD 2006 product release. Land Cover Change Analysis. For the NLCD 2006 Land Cover Update, a new change detection method, Multi-Index Integrated Change Analysis (MIICA), was developed to capture a full range of land cover disturbance and potential land cover change patterns for updating the National Land Cover Database (Jin et al., 2013). Recognizing the potential complementary nature of multiple spectral indices in detection of different land cover changes, we integrated four indices into one model to more accurately detect true land cover changes between two time periods. Within the model, normalized burn ratio (NBR), change vector (CV, Xian et al., 2009), relative change vector (RCV), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are calculated separately for the early date (circa 2001) and late date (circa 2006) scenes. The four pairs of indices for the two dates are differenced and then evaluated in a final model conditional statement that categorizes each pixel as either biomass increase, biomass decrease, or no change. Individual path/row raw results from this change analysis process are assembled into a seamless national product to form the NLCD 2001/2006 Maximum Potential Change map. The integrated change result is clumped and sieved to produce a refined change/no-change mask used below. NLCD 2006 Land Cover Classification. Land cover mapping protocols used during NLCD 2006 processing are similar to those used to label the NLCD 2001 product (Homer et al., 2004), but applied on a path/row basis instead of multiple path/row MRLC zones (Xian et al., 2009). Classification was achieved using decision tree modeling that employed a combination of Landsat imagery, reflectance derivatives, and ancillary data (independent variables) with training data points (dependent variable) collected from a refined version of the NLCD 2001 land cover product. Training points were randomly sampled and limited to those areas that were determined to be unchanged between 2001 and 2006 during the MIICA spectral change analysis process. Training data for pixels changed to developed land cover were not collected since the four classes in urban and sub-urban areas were mapped separately using a regression tree modeling method (described in the Imperviousness Change Analysis process steps above). Post classification modeling and hand-editing were used to further refine the decision tree output. Following classification, the 2006 land cover was masked with the change/no-change result (captured during the MIICA change analysis modeling) to extract a label for spectrally changed pixels. Labeled change pixels were then compared to the NLCD 2001 land cover base to exclude those pixels identified as spectral change, but classified with the same label as the corresponding 2001 pixel. NLCD 2006 percent developed impervious pixels, identified as changed, were extracted to NLCD developed class codes using NLCD 2001 legend thresholds for developed classes and added to the change pixel map. This intermediate change pixel product was generalized using the NLCD Smart Eliminate tool with the following minimum mapping units (mmu) applied: 1 acre (approximately 5 ETM+ 30 m pixel patch) for developed classes (class codes 21, 22, 23, and 24); 7.12 acres (approximately 32 ETM+ pixel patch) for agricultural classes (class codes 81 and 82); and 2.67 acres (approximately 12 ETM+ pixel patch) for all other classes (class codes 11, 12, 31, 41, 42, 43, 52, 71, 90, and 95). The smart eliminate aggregation program subsumes pixels from the single pixel level to the mmu pixel patch using a queens algorithm at doubling intervals. The algorithm consults a weighting matrix to guide merging of cover types by similarity, resulting in a product that preserves land cover logic as much as possible. During the NLCD 2006 analysis and modeling process, inconsistencies in the NLCD 2001 Land cover product were corrected with the new product, NLCD 2001 Land Cover Version 2.0, included as part of the NLCD 2006 product release. NLCD 2006 Land Cover (Final Product). Additional processing steps were designed to create the final NLCD 2006 land cover map. Individual path/row change pixel results were assembled to form an intermediate seamless national product. This seamless change pixel map was reviewed and edited to remove regional inconsistencies. Refined NLCD 2006 change pixels were then combined with the re-issued NLCD 2001 Land Cover Version 2.0, and the resulting image was smart-eliminated to a 5-pixel mmu. This final step eliminated single pixels and patches less than 5 pixels in extent that appeared as a result of combining the separate images. NLCD 2006 Change Pixels (Final Product). A comparison of the NLCD 2001 re-issued base and the NLCD 2006 Land Cover was necessary to extract a final version of the NLCD 2006 Change Pixels. In a model, pixels that were labeled with the same land cover class code were removed and only those pixels that did not agree in the two classifications were retained as final NLCD 2006 Change Pixels. NLCD 2001/2006 Percent Developed Imperviousness Change (Supplementary Raster Layer). The NLCD 2001 Percent Developed Imperviousness Version 2.0 and the NLCD 2006 Percent Developed Imperviousness were compared in a model to provide the user community with a layer that highlights imperviousness change between 2001 and 2006. Landsat data and ancillary data used for the land cover prediction - For a list of Landsat scenes and scene dates by path/row used in this project, please see: appendix1_nlcd2006_scene_list_by_path_row.txt Data Type of DEM composed of 1 band of Continuous Variable Type. Data Type of Slope composed of 1 band of Continuous Variable Type. Data Type of Aspect composed of 1 band of Categorical Variable Type. Data type of Position Index composed of 1 band of Continuous Variable Type. Data type of 3-ratio index composed of 3 bands of Continuous Variable Type.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat ETM, Landsat TM, DEM, USGS/EROS

Process_Date: Unknown

Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS National Land Cover Database

Process_Description: NLCD 2006 (2011) Edition Processing Steps - To improve NLCD imperviousness the 2011 project included a process to reduce omission and commission error in NLCD 2001, 2006, and 2011 products. This activity was completed for urban areas in most of the eastern ½ of the conterminous United States. High resolution (one-meter ground sample distance) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP – http://fsa.usda.gov/FSA/) imagery was used to verify imperviousness. Using hand-edits imperviousness was removed from areas incorrectly identified as developed and added to areas where developed land cover was missed. A modeling process was implemented to add missed imperviousness changes to the correct era and to fill areas where developed was removed with an appropriate non-developed land cover class. These improvements were incorporated with the derived developed classes in all areas of imperviousness and land cover versions released with NLCD 2011 editions.

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Description: Process Step for NLCD 2006 (amended 2014): The release in 2014 of amended versions of land cover for 2001, 2006, and 2011 was made to correct for unintended differences between the impervious dataset and the four land cover developed classes (Open Space, Low Intensity, Medium Intensity, and High Intensity). NLCD developed classes are tied directly to the impervious product values. However, the land cover product Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) is five pixels whereas the impervious product MMU is single pixel. This MMU difference creates problems when the impervious single pixel MMU product is directly crosswalked into the 5-pixel MMU land cover developed classes. The smoothing process, which generalizes the land cover product to a 5-pixel MMU, can create small areas which are no longer directly represented in the imperviousness product because they are artifacts of the smoothing. Since these changes are not real and not present in the impervious layer, the new version removes these artifacts and re-establishes the direct linkage between the imperviousness and land cover products for any developed area. Combined developed areas (all developed classes combined into a group) in the land cover product must still meet the 5-pixel MMU threshold; however, the four NLCD land cover individual developed classes within the group patch are now represented by a single pixel MMU to retain the direct linkage to the imperviousness product.

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Description: Data clipped to New York state boundary.

Process_Date: 20180501

Map_Projection:

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Address:

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 607-255-5406

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mann-ref@cornell.edu

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Position: Customer Service Representative

Contact_Address:

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151

Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)

Contact_Instructions: The USGS point of contact is for questions relating to the data display and download from this web site. Questions about the NLCD 2006 Land Cover (2011 Edition) can be directed to the NLCD 2001 land cover mapping team at USGS EROS, Sioux Falls, SD (605) 594-6151 or mrlc@usgs.gov.

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Address:

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 607-255-5406

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mann-ref@cornell.edu